1st OPIUM WAR‏ Lecture

Dr. Alex Day
April 22, 2008
Wayne State University AP Day
 
’1st Opium War’:  Example of Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems theory
 
British 1839–1st Opium War  (2 wars)
 
British=Core Nation in Wallerstein’s lexicon (see first lecture from Wayne State AP Day by
Dr. Retish)
Why OPIUM?
 
BACKGROUND
 
1490′s Portuagal and Vasco da Gama sails into India
1511 Portugal in Malayan ports–Malacca
1520′s China-trade ports
 
China bans trade with Portugal
Ottomans had blocked European trade routes (Silk Road) 1453 by taking Constantinople…
 
(Of course, this will cause European Atlantic states to search for Atlantic Ocean route to India,  etc. al, Columbian exchange….)
 
ASIA=Center of World economy 1400′s-1799
Silver flows to Asia–’Silver Sink’–Potosi, Bolivia Spanish and Japanese SILVER
China blocking European trade to China.  Europeans wanted that ‘silver’ trade reversed, ie.,
silver flowing into Europe, NOT CHINA!
 
SILVER and OPIUM
 
Silver=Chinese money (for taxes and trade)
Chinese silver mined in China enough for China trade in 1430′s
 
Chinese economy boomed–needed silver–Japan and Americas supplied this need.
Any analogy to OIL today???
 
Acupulco, Mexico–Spanish silver port to China.  50% of Spanish Americas silver shipped to China.
Manilla, Philippines 1571 becomes first global port through Japanese, Spanish, Chinese silver trade.
 
European silver buys Chinese silk, tea, porcelain, etc. al
 
China not interested in ‘cheap’ European trade goods.
 
CANTON (S. China) is port that Chinese govt. (in North China) limits European trade to.
China viewed Canton as ‘periphery’-North Central China was center of Chinese wealth and
economy…
 
British E. India Co. 1600-1830′s has a monopoly on China trade though trade is strictly regulated by Chinese administrators who regulate prices and control the European trade.  Europeans must negotiate and pay fees to these Chinese administrators representing the govt. in Beijing.
 
BRITISH-FREE TRADE
 
How do the British reduce flow of silver into China?  or, How do the British reverse the silver trade into China and move it into England???
 
Triangle Trade:
BRITISH——–to——-India————–to——–China
sells textiles                raw cotton, opium          Chinese silk, etc. to England
to India
 
British begin to see opium as a means to control silver flow in this triangular trade system.
 
1804-1810  Opium sales cause more silver to flow of China to England.
1830′s Imperial State of China worried about silver flow out of China.
 
1838 Chinese Beijing govt. assign Lin Zexu to Canton to ‘control’ (ban) opium trade in Canton and stop silver flow out of China.
 
English were shipping 30, 000 chests of opium to China per year.  (**Maunu aside: this sounds light, but that is what I heard Dr. Day say)
 
Lin’s actions to stop opium trade:
 
1.  Lin Zexu first writes letter to England as to immorality of Opium trade and how it is harming
China.
http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/com-lin.html
 
2.  Tried to stop opium dealers-executions
 
3.  Tried to stop opium use of Chinese citizens through intervention programs
 
4. 1839 forced British merchants to give up opium–lay seige to British port.  Stop Chinese
    labor in Canton.  Chinese workers moved out..
http://koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C18/E1802.htm
5.  British retreat to Macau (Portuguese port)
6.  Lin Zexu confiscates 3 million pds. of British opium–destroyed in trench dug to sea.  Opium
    mixed with lime and salt…
 
7.  British govt. will protest to Chinese govt.
8.  British opium dealers will smuggle opium—Chinese naval expedition with army sent to
     Macau.  British flee to small island of Hong Kong or Victoria Island.
9.  Chinese follow to Hong Kong
10. British navy sent to Canton to stop harassment, but then move up coast NORTH and
threaten Beijing.  1839-1842.
 
Steam powered British ship called ‘Nemesis’ destroyed Chinese navy.  (Industrial Revolution effect)
 
As British steam warships get too close to Beijing, Chinese govt. capitulates.
 
1842 Treaty of Nanjing:  (Unequal Treaties)
1. cedes Hong Kong to Eng.
2. direct diplomatic relations between English govt. and Chinese govt. in Beijing
3.  huge silver indemnities paid to English opium ‘merchants,’ and British govt. for war costs,  
     ie., loss of British ships.
4.  5 new ports opened to British trade–CANTON System ended
5.  reduction of Chinese tariffs.
 
2nd Opium War–1857-1860
New ports created.  1860 China legalized Opium Trade…
 
SILVER is key–British-Europeans will sell commodities to China and start to ‘dig’ for Chinese
resources, within China.
 
Missionary activity allowed in China after 1860.
 
Will lead to a loss of respect of Chinese govt. (MANCHU’s-Qing) by Chinese citizens.
Mandate of Heaven?
 
Collapse of Manchus will follow by early 1900′s.
 
New ports, Opium trade, and British and other Europeans in China river systems will cause
dislocation of Chinese river workers–who will stage rebellions..
 
1911 Manchus end–China becomes periphery—CHANGE OVER TIME
China moves from CORE power to periphery from 1799 to 1860…
 
***Maunu note—Wow, From super power to colony in 60 yrs.  Warning to America???
**********************************************************************
 
Dr. Day After thought:
 
Dr. Day’s Lecture shifts to ‘WHY CANTON?’
Why did Beijing allow British trade into Canton?
 
Chinese Imperial system under Manchus ORDERS all relationships.  Tribute system…all ‘colonies’ pay homage, and tribute to imperial court in Beijing.
Don’t want foreigners in China.
 
Canton far from Beijing capitoal in North China, thus British allowed to trade in far off ‘foreign province’ away from Chinese economy in north central China.  
 
Qinglong Emperor had told British-Europeans, ‘We don’t need your trade.’  (before 1799)
 
Analogy?  America today—–Iran, Iraq OIL
              British 1800′s——China, Silver
 
Dr. Day ends his short 20 minute lecture with this question or fact:
‘Is core moving back to Asia?’  ie,. will Pacific Asiatic rim be the economic (CORE) power soon?

Imperialism Lectures

Wayne State AP Day
AP World lectures
Theme:  IMPERIALISM
 
Lecture 1
Dr. Reddich
Russian expert
 
Imperialism:  world systems theory:
 
Key is interaction of cultures.  Introduction by Dr. Reddich was a document by a British
ship captain talking to Samoan chiefs in 1866.  The ship captain was trying to convince
the Samoan chiefs to stop their monetary system (mat trade) and switch to money.
He said their is huge advantage in coin $ and picking cotton for Samoan people who had
disagreements over “mat” money, ie., carrying around a bunch of mats was cumbersome and
money was easier to carry.
 
*Dr. Reddich said this is an ex. of Europeans trying to change indigenous economy from mats
to $ or global colonial economy.
 
Dr. Reddich explained old traditional reasons for Imperialism —3 G’s:  God, Glory, and Gold–Dr. Reddich is going to discuss “Gold,” ie., economic rationale then summarize God and Glory in
“summary.”
 
Source:   Emmanuel Wallerstein (today at Princeton) modern world systems theory and then, as you
will see, critiques Wallersteins POV (Marxist and euro-centric).
 
1.  GOLD, ie., economic
Modern World systems
 
16th century Europe in economic crisis.  Need to expand, ie., global exploration, colonization, and
dominance of globe by 19th century.  (Wallerstein’s economic theories–historiography)
 
Global capitalism and European expansion=Modern World System theory developed by Europeans.
 
{Would be interesting, I thought, to compare and contrast Lynda Shaffer’s, “Southernization” to
Wallerstein’s point of view and theories}
 
Wallerstein’s Modern World System is labeled a “hierarchy of Zones,” 1. Center Zone, 2. semi-periphery or in-between powers, and 3. periphery.  (like solar system)
 
Colonial Power is in center-colonies on outside of Powerful state’s orbit..
ex.  Soviet union and Iron Curtain countries–satellite countries.
A. 16th-18th cent. Core Power=economic dominant countries, ex. Mercantile powers such as Portugal, Spain, England, France, etc.
B.  19th cent. Industrial powers-British, Fr., Germans
C.  20th cent. post-WW II–American and Soviets
 
Semi-periphery powers–Russia 1500-1945.
 
Key is economic commodities and Wallerstein claims military power comes from Economic power.
 
Note Monarchies were core zones, now republican democracies and colonies were periphery zone.
 
Wealthy elites in core–TRADE and WAR and Wallerstein says Trade more important.
 
Wallerstein says 1500′s begin global economic exchange with 16th century Spain as Core power.
Periphery ex. could be Mexico.
 
Wallerstein’s error?? Critique of Wallerstein’s Modern World Systems theory:
Too Euro-centric.  Wallerstein does not talk about prior global exchange systems, ie., Indian O.,
Ottoman Empire, Medit. Sea, ie., there was global exchange before 1500′s.
 
Today Core shifting to Pacific rim countries, ie., China, etc. al..
 
2.  GOD
European core powers forced religion on indigenous people.  Church worked with elites to empower
Imperialism.
Ex.  Russian defeat of Mongols at Kazan 16th century.  Kazan by 1500′s was a Muslim center.
Russian Orthodox Church helped occupation of Kazan by building monasteries in Kazan.
Economic presence would flow from religious monasteries
 
3.  GLORY–Imperial glory, nationalism, patriotism
Wallerstein claims expansion of European Enlightenment, Progress, rationality a factor in Imperialism.
 
Core Power Cultural Institutions to bring “rationality” to indigenous people–ie, periphery
 
Yet, interaction was both ways, ie., from Colony to Colonizer.
(This is Columbian exchange ideas)  Maize, tobacco, Pepper, etc. from colony to Colonizer or
Periphery to Core power.  This caused a revolution in Botany creating new scientific categories.
 
Dr. Reddich says Center Core needs new colonies to “understand Itself.”?????
 ex. “Heart of Darkness,” Joseph Conrad or “Apocalyse Now” Marlon Brando film
These two European art pieces show Africa, SE Asia as dark, savage, scary, yet exotic, erotic
Colonies=fears AND potential.  Colonizer, Core power enlightened while periphery colony needs
Core philosophies, rational thought to improve….
(I use Orientalism art as an example of this)
 
Iraq today as an example?
*************************************************************************
An aside from Mr. Maunu:  AP World is moving toward historiography as a theme.
Dr. Reddich has given us an example with an analysis of Dr. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory.
 
Wallerstein, like Eric Hobsbawn (European historian), have a Marxist and Euro-centric POV. 
Understanding other authors, Jerry Bentley (Traditions and Encounters, no. 1 selling AP World text), Peter Stearns, etc., will become a necessity to understand for future AP World history curriculum
and AP exams.

2nd Wayne St. AP World lecture: End of Slave Trade in Europe‏

Wayne State AP TuneUp Day
April 22, 2008
“End of Slave Trade in Europe”
Dr. Catherine Ash
West Africa speciality
 
*One can note Dr. Eric Foner’s work on African Atlantic Systems trade.
 
1807 England abolished slave trade for English Citizens.
Would take 100 years to impact other countries.
 
Why did it End after 300 Years?
Today’s POV=immoral
 
Three reasons for End of Slave Trade:
1.  Economic    2.  Humanitarian  3.  African resistance
 
ECONOMIC
Sugar #1 reason for Slavery!!
original reason for Europeans to sail around Africa?  GOLD, routes to Indian trade.
 
Need for LABOR after discovery of Caribbean Islands and fact that sugar grows well there.
Profitable–People left sugar properties in their wills.
Labor NEEDED!!
1600′s-1700′s–Coffee, tea becomes fad and part of European diet.  Sugar as sweetner becomes
more profitable$$$$$$$$
 
Br., Fr. Dutch, etc. al businessmen invest in LAND–plantations
Sugar overproduced in 1700′s
Price of Sugar DOWN
Plantation owners (English in Jamaica or in England) in debt….Also, losing influence in Parliament and with bankers who were nervous about Sugar surplus/glut..
 
Also, French, Dutch, Cubans (Spanish) getting better at producing sugar–better tech. systems.
 
British financiers looking at OLD investment (SUGAR) OR Factories–new investment.
What is going to be more profitable for future?  Factories….Industrial Revolution (1750)
Slave Trade=Labor from Africa to Caribbean very EXPENSIVE.
Industrial Revolution could utilize poor British from farms (China, India today?)  Cheaper workers,
cheaper to finance.
 
Also, PALM OIL became an attractive product–lubrication for machines and Soap
Palm Oil needed more than Sugar, also, gum arabic-dyes.
 
African slavery disrupts econ. systems in W. African colonies….
different goods like palm oil, gum arabic make Africa appear as a market for industrial goods, NOT
as a Slave labor pool.
Can sell industrial goods to W. Africa.  Slave Trade a HEADACHE…Thus, slave trade chaotic, Europeans, specifically England, saw palm oil, etc. and market for their industrial goods as an
‘easier’ system…
 
HUMANITARIAN
Change in “Mentality” in Europe–Humanitarian, Enlightenment philosophy moved through
A. Evangelical Dissenters and B. Enlightenment Philosophy.
A.1700′s Slavery viewed as NOT a sin.
But, in England, Quakers, Protestant Dissenters believed enslavement was a SIN!
 
Evangelical movement=dark areas need “help” via GOD.
Saw English alleys filled with poor and Africa needing Christ, God, Christianity, missionary work
 
**An aside from Maunu–
Were slaves also seen as labor competition for Dissenters?  Thus, another reason to end slavery.
I asked Dr. Ash and she thought it was interesting point, but had no evidence for this….
Said she was going to look into it.
 
Prot. Evangelicalism was a grass roots movement moved through town hall and church meetings.
 
B. Enlightenment philosophy
 
Philosophy discussed at elite intellectual level in late 18th century.
2 Rev=British American Rev. (1776-1780′s) and French Rev. (1789-1790′s)
Dec. of Independence–”all MEN created equal.”
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
“Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen”
 
In summary of first 2 views, Econ. and Humanitarian, both are EURO-centric Points of View.
 
AFRICAN RESISTANCE
 
African pov=Africans always resisted slavery
1700-1890′s slave resistance became large scale.
 
Freed slaves in England involving themselves in Church Evangelical movements=
Equiano (Gustava Vassa) who argued that Africa would be improved with Christianity and alternative economies like palm oil trade…and English investment and trade.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano
and
Cugoano who wanted English govt. to use English navy to block slave trade out of Africa.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quobna_Ottobah_Cugoano
Fredrick Douglas would be comparison to Equiano and Cuguano.
 
French Haiti-San Domingue was largest sugar producing area in WORLD.
400,000 slaves was largest concentration of slaves on globe
 
Independent Black Republic developed using French Rev. ideals–Toussaint Louverture…
Scared Europeans-may have slowed down reforms to end slavery..
http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=Toussaint_Louverture
 
**Maunu aside–why no American statues as to 6’6″ slave leader who led revolution in Haiti?
Ended Napoleon’s vision of controlling Western United States…Democratic hero?
No, a black man who overthrew white men….Bad…
 
Jamaica–British sugar
Massive revolts across plantations.  Plantation owners nervous, bankers nervous about investing.
 
British 1807 slavery illegal for Br. citizens–Does NOT end slavery.
 
Denmark was 1st country to abolish African slavery in Atlantic World.
US-1808, Holland 1814 follow–of course, Virginia becomes slave breeding state at this time.
Spain and Port. only trade slaves south of Equator.
 
East African coast sees slave trade increase.
 
Brazil 1830 outlaws African slavery.
 
Consequences:
1. New states–Freetown, Sierra Leone (Libesville?) and Liberia, Gabon
2.  Slave trade gradually ends in Africa, but prices of slaves go up in Africa
3.  Legitimate Trade (rubber, gum arabic, palm oil)-commercial relationship between Europe
and Africa changes–
Europe will “go into” or penetrate Africa, not just stay on coast.
COLONIAL CONQUEST begins–Europeans take over “African states.”
Change over Time (COT) Economic exchange now adds POLITICAL CONTROL-Imperialism
 
Berlin Conference 1884 calms down “war” tension due to heated colonial African competition.
Trade rules defined.
 
Palm oil lucrative in Nigeria.  Stanley will go into Congo, Gabon…
 
East Africa slave trade will impact Indian Ocean Trade.
 
Where did E. African slaves go?–Swahili Coast
1. Swahili Coast—–cloves, spices, nutmeg
2.  Mauritius-Islands off coast of East Africa–French will occupy after losing San Domingue-SUGAR
3.  Brazil becomes more desirable–Brazil and Cuba last areas to outlaw slavery

Wayne St. AP World lecture: End of Slave Trade in Europe‏

Wayne State AP TuneUp Day
April 22, 2008
“End of Slave Trade in Europe”
Dr. Catherine Ash
West Africa speciality
 
*One can note Dr. Eric Foner’s work on African Atlantic Systems trade.
 
1807 England abolished slave trade for English Citizens.
Would take 100 years to impact other countries.
 
Why did it End after 300 Years?
Today’s POV=immoral
 
Three reasons for End of Slave Trade:
1.  Economic    2.  Humanitarian  3.  African resistance
 
ECONOMIC
Sugar #1 reason for Slavery!!
original reason for Europeans to sail around Africa?  GOLD, routes to Indian trade.
 
Need for LABOR after discovery of Caribbean Islands and fact that sugar grows well there.
Profitable–People left sugar properties in their wills.
Labor NEEDED!!
1600′s-1700′s–Coffee, tea becomes fad and part of European diet.  Sugar as sweetner becomes
more profitable$$$$$$$$
 
Br., Fr. Dutch, etc. al businessmen invest in LAND–plantations
Sugar overproduced in 1700′s
Price of Sugar DOWN
Plantation owners (English in Jamaica or in England) in debt….Also, losing influence in Parliament and with bankers who were nervous about Sugar surplus/glut..
 
Also, French, Dutch, Cubans (Spanish) getting better at producing sugar–better tech. systems.
 
British financiers looking at OLD investment (SUGAR) OR Factories–new investment.
What is going to be more profitable for future?  Factories….Industrial Revolution (1750)
Slave Trade=Labor from Africa to Caribbean very EXPENSIVE.
Industrial Revolution could utilize poor British from farms (China, India today?)  Cheaper workers,
cheaper to finance.
 
Also, PALM OIL became an attractive product–lubrication for machines and Soap
Palm Oil needed more than Sugar, also, gum arabic-dyes.
 
African slavery disrupts econ. systems in W. African colonies….
different goods like palm oil, gum arabic make Africa appear as a market for industrial goods, NOT
as a Slave labor pool.
Can sell industrial goods to W. Africa.  Slave Trade a HEADACHE…Thus, slave trade chaotic, Europeans, specifically England, saw palm oil, etc. and market for their industrial goods as an
‘easier’ system…
 
HUMANITARIAN
Change in “Mentality” in Europe–Humanitarian, Enlightenment philosophy moved through
A. Evangelical Dissenters and B. Enlightenment Philosophy.
A.1700′s Slavery viewed as NOT a sin.
But, in England, Quakers, Protestant Dissenters believed enslavement was a SIN!
 
Evangelical movement=dark areas need “help” via GOD.
Saw English alleys filled with poor and Africa needing Christ, God, Christianity, missionary work
 
**An aside from Maunu–
Were slaves also seen as labor competition for Dissenters?  Thus, another reason to end slavery.
I asked Dr. Ash and she thought it was interesting point, but had no evidence for this….
Said she was going to look into it.
 
Prot. Evangelicalism was a grass roots movement moved through town hall and church meetings.
 
B. Enlightenment philosophy
 
Philosophy discussed at elite intellectual level in late 18th century.
2 Rev=British American Rev. (1776-1780′s) and French Rev. (1789-1790′s)
Dec. of Independence–”all MEN created equal.”
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
“Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen”
 
In summary of first 2 views, Econ. and Humanitarian, both are EURO-centric Points of View.
 
AFRICAN RESISTANCE
 
African pov=Africans always resisted slavery
1700-1890′s slave resistance became large scale.
 
Freed slaves in England involving themselves in Church Evangelical movements=
Equiano (Gustava Vassa) who argued that Africa would be improved with Christianity and alternative economies like palm oil trade…and English investment and trade.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano
and
Cugoano who wanted English govt. to use English navy to block slave trade out of Africa.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quobna_Ottobah_Cugoano
Fredrick Douglas would be comparison to Equiano and Cuguano.
 
French Haiti-San Domingue was largest sugar producing area in WORLD.
400,000 slaves was largest concentration of slaves on globe
 
Independent Black Republic developed using French Rev. ideals–Toussaint Louverture…
Scared Europeans-may have slowed down reforms to end slavery..
http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=Toussaint_Louverture
 
**Maunu aside–why no American statues as to 6’6″ slave leader who led revolution in Haiti?
Ended Napoleon’s vision of controlling Western United States…Democratic hero?
No, a black man who overthrew white men….Bad…
 
Jamaica–British sugar
Massive revolts across plantations.  Plantation owners nervous, bankers nervous about investing.
 
British 1807 slavery illegal for Br. citizens–Does NOT end slavery.
 
Denmark was 1st country to abolish African slavery in Atlantic World.
US-1808, Holland 1814 follow–of course, Virginia becomes slave breeding state at this time.
Spain and Port. only trade slaves south of Equator.
 
East African coast sees slave trade increase.
 
Brazil 1830 outlaws African slavery.
 
Consequences:
1. New states–Freetown, Sierra Leone (Libesville?) and Liberia, Gabon
2.  Slave trade gradually ends in Africa, but prices of slaves go up in Africa
3.  Legitimate Trade (rubber, gum arabic, palm oil)-commercial relationship between Europe
and Africa changes–
Europe will “go into” or penetrate Africa, not just stay on coast.
COLONIAL CONQUEST begins–Europeans take over “African states.”
Change over Time (COT) Economic exchange now adds POLITICAL CONTROL-Imperialism
 
Berlin Conference 1884 calms down “war” tension due to heated colonial African competition.
Trade rules defined.
 
Palm oil lucrative in Nigeria.  Stanley will go into Congo, Gabon…
 
East Africa slave trade will impact Indian Ocean Trade.
 
Where did E. African slaves go?–Swahili Coast
1. Swahili Coast—–cloves, spices, nutmeg
2.  Mauritius-Islands off coast of East Africa–French will occupy after losing San Domingue-SUGAR
3.  Brazil becomes more desirable–Brazil and Cuba last areas to outlaw slavery

Unit 3-4

AP World history students–Look at first map carefully on “Trade in Silver and
other Commodities, 1650-1750.”   This is the first document on your next
DBQ.
Mr. M

 

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds/ch4/maps.htm

Nationalism Lesson Plan

NATIONALISM LESSON PLAN:
 
http://www.csulb.edu/~ssayeghc/nationalism/guide.html
 
AP Students,
Above is the website to Dr. Sharlene Sayegh’s (California State University) 2008 World History
Association award winning lesson plan.  We are going to work our way through this lesson this
spring.  Take a look at it and become familiar with the sources, readings and plan.

Lincoln’s Jewish Chaplains/NUCLEAR Waste and Somali Pirates‏

Lincoln’s fight for Jewish chaplains   By Michael Feldberg
Unknown to many, the celebrated president was also a champion of
religious liberty for all
http://www.jewishworldreview.com/jewish/history11.php3
 
http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2008/10/2008109174223218644.html
Nuclear Waste and Somali pirates–al Jazeera POV
http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-02/2005-02-23-voa23.cfm
No, nuke waste washed up on Somali shores after Asian tsunami…
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/johann-hari/you-are-being-lied-to-abo_b_155147.html
No, Johann Hari says nuclear waste and Somalia story is a lie….
http://current.com/items/89693421/nuclear_waste_and_the_truth_about_somali_pirates.htm
Gee, who’s a bloke to believe???

Somali Pirate POV by Somali rapper K’Naan–2nd post: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTxJLlQCe4U&feature=related